| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Inclusion (education) ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Inclusion (education)
Inclusion in education was once described as an approach wherein students with special educational needs spend most or all of their time with non-disabled students. Now it is crucial that all policy makers, school boards, administrators, guidance counsellors, teachers, parents and students ensure inclusive practice in all aspects of educational environments. Research suggests that inclusivity is no longer defined by physical and cognitive disabilities but also includes a full range of human diversity with respect to ability, language, culture, gender, age and of other forms of human differences" (. Research conducted by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett indicates "student performance and behaviour in educational tasks can be profoundly effected by the way we feel, we are seen and judged by others. When we expect to be view as inferior, our abilities seem to diminish"
==Inclusion, Integration and Mainstreaming==
Inclusion has different historical roots which may be integration of students with severe disabilities in the US (who may previously been excluded from schools or even lived in institutions)〔Taylor, S.J. & Ferguson, D. (1985). A summary of strategies utilized in model programs and resource materials. In: S. Stainback & W. Stainback, ''Integration of Students with Severe Handicaps in Regular Schools''. Washington, DC: The Council for Exceptional Children.〕〔Schnorr, R. (1990). Peter? He comes and goes...First graders' perspectives on a part-time mainstream student. ''Journal of the Association of Persons with Severe Handicaps'', 15(4): 231-240.〕〔Forest, M. (1986, winter). Education Integration/Integracion Scolaire. ''Entourage'', 1(1): 19-23.〕 or an inclusion model from Canada and the US (e.g., Syracuse University, New York) which is very popular with inclusion teachers who believe in participatory learning, cooperative learning, and inclusive classrooms.〔Sapon-Shevin, M., Ayres, B., & Duncan, J. (1994). Cooperative learning and inclusion. In: J. S. Thousand, R.A. Villa, & A.I. Nevins, ''Creativity and Collaborative Learning: A Practical Guide to Empowering Students and Teachers''. (pp. 45-58). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.〕
Inclusive education differs from the early university professor's work (e.g., 1970s, Education Professor Carol Berrigan of Syracuse University, 1985; Douglas Biklen, Dean of School of Education through 2011) in ''integration|integration'' and ''mainstreaming'' 〔Biklen, D. (1985). ''Achieving the Complete School: Strategies for Effective Mainsreaming''. NY, NY: Teachers College Press.〕 which were taught throughout the world including in international seminars in Italy. Mainstreaming (e.g., the Human Policy Press poster; If you thought the wheel was a good idea, you'll like the ramp)tended to be concerned about "readiness" of all parties for the new coming together of students with significant needs. Thus, integration and mainstreaming principally was concerned about disability and ‘special educational needs’ (since the children were not in the regular schools) and involved teachers, students, principals, administrators, School Boards, and parents changing and becoming ‘ready for’ 〔Salisbury, C., Palombaro, M., & Hollowood, T. (1993). On the nature and change of an inclusive elementary school. ''JASH'', 18(2): 75-84.〕 students who needed accommodation or new methods of curriculum and instruction (e.g., required federal IEPs - individualized education program) 〔Hunt, P., Goetz, L., & Anderson, J. (1986, Summer). The quality of IEP objectives associated with placement on integrated versus segregated school sites. ''The Journal of The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps'', 11(2): 125-130.〕〔Snell, M. & Browder, D.M. (1986, Spring). Community-referenced instruction: Research and issues. ''JASH'', 11(1): 1-11.〕 by the mainstream.〔Wolfe, P.S. (1994, Spring). Judgment of the social validity of instructional strategies used in community-based instructional sites. ''JASH'', 19(1): 43-51.〕〔Racino, J. (1999). Table 6.3: Curriculum for students with severe handicaps. ''Personnel Preparation in Disability and Community Life: Toward Universal Approaches to Support''. (p. 134). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.〕〔Ford, A. & Davern, L. (1989). Moving forward on school integration: Strategies for involving studennt with severe disabilities in the life of the school. In: R. Gaylord-Ross, ''Integration Strategies for Persons with Handicaps''. (pp. 11-31). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.〕
By contrast, inclusion is about the child’s right to participate and the school’s duty to accept the child returning to the US Supreme Court's Brown vs. the Board of Education decision and the new Individuals with Disabilities Education (Improvement) Act (IDEIA). Inclusion rejects the use of special schools or classrooms, which remain popular among large multi-service providers, to separate students with disabilities from students without disabilities. A premium is placed upon full participation by students with disabilities, in contrast to earlier concept of partial participation in the mainstream,〔Brown, L., Schwarz, P., Udvari-Solner, A., Kampchroer, E., Johnson, F., Jorgensen, J., & Gruenewald, L. (1991, Spring). How much time should students with severe intellectual disabilities spend in regular education classrooms and elsewhere? ''JASH'', 16(1): 39-47.〕 and upon respect for their social, civil, and educational rights. Inclusion gives students with disabilities skills they can use in and out of the classroom.〔"Students learn the importance of individual and group contributions and develop valuable life skills that are often unexplored in less inclusive settings" (Tapasak 216). Tapasak, Renee and Christine Walther-Thomas. "Evaluation of a First-Year Inclusion Program:Student Perceptions and Classroom Performance." Remedial and Special Education 20(1999): 216-225. Print.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Inclusion (education)」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|